Vachellia robusta subs. robusta thorns like cattle horns
Author: Ivan Lätti
Photographer: Ivan Lätti
The pairs of spines or thorns of Vachellia robusta subsp. robusta may deviate slightly from straight, developing shape like the horns of some of the cattle seen grazing among the trees of northeastern South Africa.
The thorn pairs are joined at the base in this species (Coates Palgrave, 2002; Pooley, 1993; Grant and Thomas, 2001).